What do implicit attitude measures gauge?
Research Article
How to Cite
Krupenkova N.V. What do implicit attitude measures gauge?. Sociology: methodology, methods, mathematical modeling (Sociology: 4M). 2023. No. 54-55. P. 79-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/4m.2022.31.1-2.3 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The article observes the roots of implicit bias concept formation and the basic models of implicit bias measurement in historical perspective. The central conceptual properties and other characteristics of implicit bias are considered critically, the conceptualization and measurement problems are revealed. The article takes a skeptical point of view on advances in implicit social cognition.
Keywords:
implicit bias, attitude, implicit bias measurement, measurement models, conceptualization
References
Krupenkova N.V. “The relationship between measurement and conceptualization in studies of social attitudes” (in Russian), in: Sociology and society: traditions and innovations in the social development of regions: Collection of reports of the VI All-Russian Sociological Congress (Tyumen, October 14–16, 2020). Moscow: ROS, FNISC RAS, 2020. P. 4854-4867. DOI: 10.19181/kongress.2020.
Alwin D. F. Making inferences from attitude-behavior correlations, Sociometry, 1973, vol. 36, no 2, p. 253–278. DOI: 10.2307/2786570.
Zanna M.P., Rempel J.K. “Attitudes: A new look at an old concept”, in: The social psychology of knowledge. Ed. by D. Bar-Tal, A.W. Kruglanski. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1988. P. 315–334.
Schneider W., Shiffrin R.M. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory, Psychological Review, 1977, vol. 84, p. 127–190. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127.
Pratkanis A.R. Cognitive Representation of Attitudes, Attitude Structure and Function. Ed. by A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, A.G. Greenwald. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989. Р. 71–98. DOI: 10.4324/9781315801780.
Neely J.H. Semantic priming retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention, Journal of experimental Psychology: General, 1977, vol. 106, p. 226– 254. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226.
Fazio R.H. et al. On the automatic activation of attitudes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, vol. 50, no. 2. P. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Petty R.E., Fazio R.H., Briñol P. “The new implicit measures: An overview”, in: Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. Ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. P. 3–18.
Fazio R.H., Sanbonmatsu D.M., Powell M.C., Kardes F.R. On the automatic activation of attitudes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, vol 50, no. 2, p. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Fazio R.H. “Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework”, in: Advances in experimental social psychology, ed. by M. P. Zanna. New York: Academic Press, 1990, vol. 23. P. 75–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4.
Fazio R.H. “Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility”, in: Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, Ed. by R.E. Petty, J.A. Krosnick. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. P. 247–282.
Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. “The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review”, in: Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior, ed. by J.A. Bargh. N.Y.: Psychology Press, 2007. P. 265–292.
Banaji M.R. “Implicit attitudes can be measured”, in: The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder, ed. by H.L. Roediger, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath, A. Surprenant. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. P. 117–150.
Schacter D. Implicit memory: History and Current Status, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1987, vol. 13, p. 501–518. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, Self- Esteem, and Stereotypes, Psychological review, 1995, vol. 102, no. 1, p. 4–27. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4.
Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, vol. 74, no. 6, p. 1464– 1480. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464.
Krosnick J.A., Judd C.M., Wittenbrink B. “The Measurement of Attitudes”, in: The Handbook of Attitudes, ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Johnson, M.P. Zanna. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. P. 21–78.
Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, vol. 85, no. 2, p. 197–216. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197.
Gawronski B. Attitudes can be measured! But what is an attitude? Social Cognition, 2007, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 573–581. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.573.
Smith E.R., Decoster J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2000, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 108–131. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402.
Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2004, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 220–247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1.
Payne B.K., Gawronski B. A “History of Implicit Social Cognition Where Is It Coming From? Where Is It Now? Where Is It Going?”, in: Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press, 2010. P. 1–15.
Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., Schooler T.Y. A model of Dual Attitudes, Psychological Review, 2000, vol. 107, no. 1, p 101–126. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Revolution: Reconceiving the Relation between Consious and Unconscious, American Psychologist, 2017, vol. 72, no. 9, p. 861–871. DOI: 10.1037/amp0000238.
Ajzen I., Cote N.G. Attitudes and the prediction of behavior, Attitudes and attitude change, ed. by W.D. Crano, R. Prislin. New York: Psychology Press, 2008. P. 289–311. DOI: 10.1177/014616729521100.
Greenwald A., Lai C. Implicit Social Cognition, Annual Review of Psychology, 2020, vol. 71, p. 419–445. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837.
Olson M.A., Fazio R.H. “Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes: The Perspective of the MODE Model”, in: Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press, 2009. P. 19–63.
Nosek B. A., Hansen J.J. The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation, Cognition and Emotion, 2008, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 553–594. DOI: 10.1080/02699930701438186.
Hahn A. et al. Awareness of implicit attitudes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2014, vol. 143, no 3, p. 1369–1392. DOI: 10.1037/a0035028.
Hahn A., Gawronski B. Facing one’s implicit biases: from awareness to acknowledgment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2019, vol. 116, no. 5, p. 769–794. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000155.
Gawronski B., LeBel E.P., Peters K.R. What do implicit measures tell us? Scrutinizing the validity of three common assumptions, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2007, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 181–193. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00036.x.
Lane K.A. et al. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we Know (So Far) about the Method, Implicit measures of attitudes, ed. by B. Wittenbrink, N. Schwarz. N.Y.: Guilford Press, 2007. P. 59–102.
Mitchell J.P., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Contextual variations in implicit evaluation, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2003, vol. 132, no. 3, p. 455–469. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.455.
Gawronski B., Bodenhausen G.V. Associative and Propositional Processes in Evaluation: An integrative Review of Implicit and explicit Attitude Change, Psychological Bulletin, 2006, vol. 132, no. 5. P. 692–731. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.
De Hower J., Van Dessel P., Moran T. Attitudes beyond Associations: On the Role of Propositional Representations in Stimulus Evaluation, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2020, vol. 61, p. 127–183. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.004.
Forscher P. et al. A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2019, vol. 117, no. 3, p. 522–559. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000160.
Oswald F.L. et al. Predicting Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: A Meta-analysis of IAT Criterion Studies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013, vol. 105, no. 2, p. 171–192. DOI: 10.1037/a0032734.
De Houwer J. et al. Implicit Measures: A Normative Analysis and Review, Psychological Bulletin, 2009, vol. 135, no. 3, p. 347–368. DOI: 10.1037/a0014211.
Gawronski B., Brannon S.M. “Attitudes and Implicit-Explicit Dualism”, in: The Handbook of Attitudes, vol. 1: Basic Principles, ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Jonson. N.Y.: Routledge, 2019. P. 158–196. DOI: 10.4324/9781315178103.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R., Nosek B.A. Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015, vol. 108, no. 4. Р. 553–561. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000016.
Levy N. Consciousness, Implicit Attitudes and Moral Responsibility, Noûs, 2014, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 21–40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468- 0068.2011.00853.x.
Alwin D. F. Making inferences from attitude-behavior correlations, Sociometry, 1973, vol. 36, no 2, p. 253–278. DOI: 10.2307/2786570.
Zanna M.P., Rempel J.K. “Attitudes: A new look at an old concept”, in: The social psychology of knowledge. Ed. by D. Bar-Tal, A.W. Kruglanski. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1988. P. 315–334.
Schneider W., Shiffrin R.M. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory, Psychological Review, 1977, vol. 84, p. 127–190. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127.
Pratkanis A.R. Cognitive Representation of Attitudes, Attitude Structure and Function. Ed. by A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, A.G. Greenwald. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989. Р. 71–98. DOI: 10.4324/9781315801780.
Neely J.H. Semantic priming retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention, Journal of experimental Psychology: General, 1977, vol. 106, p. 226– 254. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226.
Fazio R.H. et al. On the automatic activation of attitudes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, vol. 50, no. 2. P. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Petty R.E., Fazio R.H., Briñol P. “The new implicit measures: An overview”, in: Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. Ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. P. 3–18.
Fazio R.H., Sanbonmatsu D.M., Powell M.C., Kardes F.R. On the automatic activation of attitudes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, vol 50, no. 2, p. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Fazio R.H. “Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework”, in: Advances in experimental social psychology, ed. by M. P. Zanna. New York: Academic Press, 1990, vol. 23. P. 75–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4.
Fazio R.H. “Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility”, in: Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, Ed. by R.E. Petty, J.A. Krosnick. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. P. 247–282.
Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. “The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review”, in: Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior, ed. by J.A. Bargh. N.Y.: Psychology Press, 2007. P. 265–292.
Banaji M.R. “Implicit attitudes can be measured”, in: The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder, ed. by H.L. Roediger, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath, A. Surprenant. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. P. 117–150.
Schacter D. Implicit memory: History and Current Status, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1987, vol. 13, p. 501–518. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, Self- Esteem, and Stereotypes, Psychological review, 1995, vol. 102, no. 1, p. 4–27. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4.
Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, vol. 74, no. 6, p. 1464– 1480. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464.
Krosnick J.A., Judd C.M., Wittenbrink B. “The Measurement of Attitudes”, in: The Handbook of Attitudes, ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Johnson, M.P. Zanna. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. P. 21–78.
Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, vol. 85, no. 2, p. 197–216. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197.
Gawronski B. Attitudes can be measured! But what is an attitude? Social Cognition, 2007, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 573–581. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.573.
Smith E.R., Decoster J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2000, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 108–131. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402.
Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2004, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 220–247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1.
Payne B.K., Gawronski B. A “History of Implicit Social Cognition Where Is It Coming From? Where Is It Now? Where Is It Going?”, in: Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press, 2010. P. 1–15.
Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., Schooler T.Y. A model of Dual Attitudes, Psychological Review, 2000, vol. 107, no. 1, p 101–126. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Revolution: Reconceiving the Relation between Consious and Unconscious, American Psychologist, 2017, vol. 72, no. 9, p. 861–871. DOI: 10.1037/amp0000238.
Ajzen I., Cote N.G. Attitudes and the prediction of behavior, Attitudes and attitude change, ed. by W.D. Crano, R. Prislin. New York: Psychology Press, 2008. P. 289–311. DOI: 10.1177/014616729521100.
Greenwald A., Lai C. Implicit Social Cognition, Annual Review of Psychology, 2020, vol. 71, p. 419–445. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837.
Olson M.A., Fazio R.H. “Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes: The Perspective of the MODE Model”, in: Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press, 2009. P. 19–63.
Nosek B. A., Hansen J.J. The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation, Cognition and Emotion, 2008, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 553–594. DOI: 10.1080/02699930701438186.
Hahn A. et al. Awareness of implicit attitudes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2014, vol. 143, no 3, p. 1369–1392. DOI: 10.1037/a0035028.
Hahn A., Gawronski B. Facing one’s implicit biases: from awareness to acknowledgment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2019, vol. 116, no. 5, p. 769–794. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000155.
Gawronski B., LeBel E.P., Peters K.R. What do implicit measures tell us? Scrutinizing the validity of three common assumptions, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2007, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 181–193. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00036.x.
Lane K.A. et al. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we Know (So Far) about the Method, Implicit measures of attitudes, ed. by B. Wittenbrink, N. Schwarz. N.Y.: Guilford Press, 2007. P. 59–102.
Mitchell J.P., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Contextual variations in implicit evaluation, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2003, vol. 132, no. 3, p. 455–469. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.455.
Gawronski B., Bodenhausen G.V. Associative and Propositional Processes in Evaluation: An integrative Review of Implicit and explicit Attitude Change, Psychological Bulletin, 2006, vol. 132, no. 5. P. 692–731. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.
De Hower J., Van Dessel P., Moran T. Attitudes beyond Associations: On the Role of Propositional Representations in Stimulus Evaluation, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2020, vol. 61, p. 127–183. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.004.
Forscher P. et al. A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2019, vol. 117, no. 3, p. 522–559. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000160.
Oswald F.L. et al. Predicting Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: A Meta-analysis of IAT Criterion Studies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013, vol. 105, no. 2, p. 171–192. DOI: 10.1037/a0032734.
De Houwer J. et al. Implicit Measures: A Normative Analysis and Review, Psychological Bulletin, 2009, vol. 135, no. 3, p. 347–368. DOI: 10.1037/a0014211.
Gawronski B., Brannon S.M. “Attitudes and Implicit-Explicit Dualism”, in: The Handbook of Attitudes, vol. 1: Basic Principles, ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Jonson. N.Y.: Routledge, 2019. P. 158–196. DOI: 10.4324/9781315178103.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R., Nosek B.A. Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015, vol. 108, no. 4. Р. 553–561. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000016.
Levy N. Consciousness, Implicit Attitudes and Moral Responsibility, Noûs, 2014, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 21–40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468- 0068.2011.00853.x.
Article
Received: 05.07.2023
Accepted: 31.12.2023
Citation Formats
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APA
Krupenkova, N. V. (2023). What do implicit attitude measures gauge?. Sociology: Methodology, Methods, Mathematical Modeling (Sociology: 4M), (54-55), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.19181/4m.2022.31.1-2.3
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THEORY AND HISTORY OF METHODS
