Насколько важна методология при оценке детерминантов счастья? / Пер с англ. Л.А.Леоновой, А.С.Аладышкиной, А.И.Водопьяновой

  • Ада Феррер-и-Карбонелл Институт экономического анализа (CSIC, Барселона); Высшая школа экономики в Барселоне ada.ferrer@iae.csic.es
  • Поль Фрайтерс Университет Квинсленда; Исследовательская школа общественных наук Австралийского национального университета p.frijters@uq.edu.au

Аннотация

Психологи и социологи обычно интерпретируют оценки счастья как измеренные по метрической шкале и сопоставимые между респондентами, поэтому они могут построить регрессию и оценить ее параметры методом наименьших квадратов для уровня счастья и его изменений. Экономисты обычно предполагают только порядковую сравнимость и в основном используют упорядоченные модели с латентными переменными, таким образом не принимая во внимание постоянных личностных особенностей. В статье предложено решение этой проблемы с помощью разработки условной оценочной функции для упорядоченной логит-модели с фиксированными эффектами. Обнаружено, что нет существенной разницы в результатах при предположениях о счастье как количественной или порядковой переменной, в то время как учет фиксированных эффектов существенно изменяет результаты. Мы призываем к проведению дополнительных исследований детерминантов черт личности, определяющих фиксированные эффекты.
Ключевые слова:
счастье, метрическая шкала, порядковая шкала, логит- модели с фиксированными эффектами

Биографии авторов

Ада Феррер-и-Карбонелл, Институт экономического анализа (CSIC, Барселона); Высшая школа экономики в Барселоне
PhD, исследователь Института экономического анализа (CSIC, Барселона), заместитель директора по академическим программам Высшей школы экономики в Барселоне
Поль Фрайтерс, Университет Квинсленда; Исследовательская школа общественных наук Австралийского национального университета
PhD, профессор экономики в Университете Квинсленда, адъюнкт-профессор Исследовательской школы общественных наук Австралийского национального университета

Литература

Easterlin R. Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence // Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz / Ed. P. David, R. Reder. New York: Academic Press, 1974.



Scitovsky T. Income and Happiness // Acta Oeconomica. 1975. Vol. 15. P. 45–53.



Kapteyn A., Van Praag, B.M.S. A New Approach to the Construction of Equivalence Scales // European Economic Review. 1976. Vol. 7. P. 313–35.



Martin J.K., Lichter D.T. Geographic Mobility and Satisfaction with Life and Work // Social Science Quarterly. 1983. Vol. 64. P. 524–35.



Morawetz D. Income Distribution and Self-rated Happiness: Some Empirical Evidence // Economic Journal. 1977. Vol. 87. P. 511–22.



Ng Y.K. Economic Growth and Social Welfare: the Need for a Complete Study of Happiness // Kyklos. 1978. Vol. 31. P. 575–587.



Wansbeek T., Kapteyn A. Tackling Hard Questions by Means of Soft Methods: the Use of Individual Welfare Functions in Socio-economic Policy // Kyklos. 1983. Vol. 36. P. 249–69.



Sirgy M.J., Morris M., Samli A.C. The Question of Value in Social Marketing: Use of a Quality-of-life Theory to Achieve Long-term Life Satisfaction // American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 1985. Vol. 44. P. 215–28.



Headey B., Krause. P. A Health and Wealth Model of Change in Life Satisfaction: Analyzing Links between Objective Conditions and Subjective Satisfaction // Sonder-forchungs-bereich 3. Munich: Univ. of Mannheim, 1988.



Alesina A., Di Tella R., MacCulloch R. Inequality and Happiness: are Europeans and Americans Different? // NBER Working Paper Series. 2001. No. 8198.



Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J. What Makes an Entrepreneur? // Journal of Labor Economics. 1998. Vol. 16. P. 26–60.



Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J. Well-being Over Time in Britain and the USA // NBER Working Paper Series. 2000. No. 7487.



Clark A.E., Oswald A.J. Unhappiness and Unemployment // Economic Journal. 1994. Vol. 104. P. 648–59.



Frijters P. Do Individuals Try to Maximize General Satisfaction? // Journal of Economic Psychology. 2000. Vol. 21. P. 281–304.



Di Tella R., MacCulloch R.J., Oswald A.J. Preferences Over Inflation and Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness // American Economic Review. 2001. Vol. 91. P. 335–341.



Frey B.S., Stutzer A. Measuring Preferences by Subjective Well-being // Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 1999. Vol. 155. P. 755–778.



Frey B.S., Stutzer A. Happiness, Economy and Institutions // Economic Journal. 2000. Vol. 110. P. 918–38.



Hartog J., Oosterbeek H. Health, Wealth and Happiness: Why Pursue a Higher Education? // Economics of Education Review. 1998. Vol. 17. P. 245–256.



Kenny C. Does Growth Cause Happiness, or Does Happiness Cause Growth? // Kyklos. 1999. Vol. 52. P. 3–25.



Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and Suffering / Ed. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1999.



Konow J., Earley J. The Hedonic Paradox: is Homo-economicus Happier? // Economics Faculty Works. Los Angeles, CA: Loyola Marymount Univ., 1999.



Oswald A.J. Happiness and Economic Performance // Economic Journal. 1997. Vol. 107. P. 1815–31.



Winkelmann L., Winkelmann R. Why Are the Unemployed So Unhappy? Evidence from Panel Data // Economica. 1998. Vol. 65. P. 1–15.



Wottiez I., Theeuwes J. Well-being and Labor Market Status // The Distribution of Welfare and Household Production: International Perspectives / Ed. S.P. Jenkins, A. Kapteyn, B.M.S. Van Praag. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. P. 211–30.



Cutler D., Richardson E. Measuring the Health of the U.S. Population // Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Microeconomics, 1997. P. 217–271.



Ferrer-i-Carbonell A., Van Praag B.M.S. The Subjective Costs of Health Losses Due to Chronic Diseases. An Alternative Model for Monetary Appraisal // Health Economics. 2002. Vol. 11. P. 709–722.



Hamermesh D.S. The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction // Journal of Human Resources. 2001. Vol. 36. P. 1–30.



Kerkhofs M., Lindeboom M. Subjective Health Measures and State Dependent Reporting Errors // Health Economics. 1995. Vol. 4. P. 221–235.



Pradhan M., Ravallion M. Measuring Poverty Using Qualitative Perceptions of Consumption Adequacy // Review of Economics and Statistics. 2000. Vol. 82. P. 462–71.



Rain J.S., Lane I.M., Steiner D.D. A Current Look at the Job Satisfaction / Life Satisfaction Relationship: Review and Future Consideration // Human Relations. 1991. Vol. 32. P. 605–623.



Van Praag B.M.S., Frijters P. The Measurement of Welfare and Well-being; the Leyden Approach // Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and Suffering / Ed. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1999. Ch. 21.



Varady D.P., Carozza A.C. Towards a Better Way to Measure Customer Satisfaction Levels in Public Housing: a Report from Cincinnati // Housing Studies. 2000. Vol. 15. P. 797–825.



Veenhoven R. World Database of Happiness: Correlates of Happiness. Rotterdam: Erasmus Univ., 1994.



Veenhoven R. Quality-of-life in Individualistic Society: a Comparison of 43 Nations in the Early 1990’s // Social Indicators Research. 1997. Vol. 48. P. 157–186.



Ng Y.K. A Case for Happiness, Cardinalism, and Interpersonal Comparability // Economic Journal. 1997. Vol. 107. P. 1848–58.



Chamberlain G. Analysis of Covariance with Qualitative Data // Review of Economic Studies. 1980. Vol. 47. P. 225–38.



Cantril H. The Pattern of Human Concerns, New Brunwick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1965.



Likert R. A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes // Archives of Psychology. 1932. Vol. 140. P. 55.



Bradburn N.M. The Structure of Psychological Well-being. Chicago: Aldine, 1969.



Shizgal P. On the Neutral Computation of Utility: Implications from Studies of Brain Simulation Reward // Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and Suffering / Ed. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1999. Ch. 26.



Fernandez-Dols J.-M., Ruiz-Belda M.A. Are Smiles a Sign of Happiness. Gold Medal Winners at the Olympic Games // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. Vol. 69. P. 1113–1119.



Sandvik E., Diener E., Seidlitz L. Subjective Well-being: the Convergence and Stability of Self and Non Self Report Measures // Journal of Personality. 1993. Vol. 61. P. 317–342.



Kahneman D., Fredrickson B.L., Schreiber C.A., Redelmeier D.A. When More Pain is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End // Psychological Science. 1993. Vol. 4. P. 401–405.



Clark A.E., Georgellis Y., Sanfey P. Job Satisfaction, Wage Changes and Quits: Evidence from Germany // Research in Labor Economics. 1998. Vol. 17. P. 95–121.



Shiv B., Huber J. The Impact of Anticipating Satisfaction on Consumer Choice // Journal of Consumer Research. 2000. Vol. 27. P. 202–216.



Diener E., Lucas R.E. Personality and Subjective Well-being // Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and Suffering / Ed. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1999. Ch. 11.



Van Praag B.M.S. Ordinal and Cardinal Utility: an Integration of the Two Dimensions of the Welfare Concept // Journal of Econometrics. 1991. Vol. 50. P. 69–89.



Ng Y.K. Happiness Surveys: Some Comparability Issues and an Exploratory Survey Based on Just Perceived Increments // Social Indicators Research. 1996. Vol. 38. P. 1–27.



Schwarz N. What Respondents Learn from Questionnaires: the Survey Interview and the Logic of Conversation // International Statistical Review. 1995. Vol. 63. P. 153–177.



Parducci A. Happiness, Pleasure and Judgment, the Contextual Theory and Its Applications. Mahwah; New York: Erlbaum Associates, 1995.



Argyle M. Causes and Correlates of Happiness // Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and Suffering / Ed. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1999. Ch. 18.



Diener E. Subjective Well-being // Psychological Bulletin. 1984. Vol. 95. P. 542–575.



Lykken D., Tellegen A. Happiness is a Stochastic Phenomenon // Psychological Science. 1996. Vol. 7. P. 186–189.



Diener E., Suh E., Lucas R., Smith H. Subjective Well-being: Three Decades of Progress // Psychological Bulletin. 1999. Vol. 125. P. 276–302.



Gardner J., Oswald A.J. Does Money Buy Happiness? A longitudinal study using data on windfalls. Coventry: Warwick Univ., 2001.



Easterlin R. Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All? // Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 1995. Vol. 27. P. 35–47.



Micklewright J., Stewart K. Is the Well-being of Children Converging in the European Union? // Economic Journal. 1999. Vol. 109. P. 692–714.



Diener E., Suh E. National Differences in Well-being // Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and Suffering / Ed. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1999. Ch. 22.



Gerlach K., Stephan G. A Paper on Unhappiness and Unemployment in Germany // Economics Letters. 1996. Vol. 52. P. 325–330.



Korpi T. Is Utility Related to Employment Status? Employment, Unemployment, Labor Market Policies and Subjective Well-being Among Swedish Youth // Labour Economics. 1997. Vol. 4. P. 125–147.



World Values Study Group. World Values Survey 1981–1984 and 1990–1993, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research; Univ. of Michigan, 1994.



Ryff C.D. Psychological Well-being in Adult Life // Current Directions in Psychological Science. 1995. Vol. 4. P. 99–104.



Cambell A., Converse P.E., Rodgers W.L. The Quality of American Life. New York: Sage, 1976.



Diener E., Diener M., Diener C. Factors Predicting the Subjective Well-being of Nations // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. Vol. 69. P. 851–864.



Inglehart R. Culture Shift. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1990.



Diener E., Sandvik E., Seidlitz L., Diener M. The Relationship between Income and Subjective Well-being: Relative or Absolute? // Social Indicators Research. 1993. Vol. 28. P. 195–223.



Glenn N.D., Weaver C.N. A Multivariate, Multisurvey Study of Marital Happiness // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1979. Vol. 40. P. 269–282.



Clark A.E., Oswald A.J. Satisfaction and Comparison Income // Journal of Public Economics. 1996. Vol. 61. P. 359–381.



Plug E.J.S. Leyden Welfare and Beyond. PhD thesis. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers, 1997.



Ferrer-i-Carbonell A. Income and Well-being: an Empirical Analysis of the Comparison Income Effect // Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers. 2002. No. 02–019/3.



McBride M. Relative-income Effects on Subjective Well-being in the Crosssection // Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 2001. Vol. 45. P. 251–278.



Van Praag B.M.S., Frijters P., Ferrer-i-Carbonell A. The Anatomy of Subjective Well-being // Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 2003. Vol. 51. P. 29–49.



Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J. The Rising of Well-being of the Young // Youth mployment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries / Ed. D.G. Blanchflower, R.B. Freeman. Chicago: National Bureau of Economic Research; Univ. of Chicago Press, 2000. Ch. 7.



Theodossiou I. The Effects of Low-pay and Unemployment on Psychological Well-being: A Logistic Regression Approach // Journal of Health Economics. 1998. Vol. 17. P. 85–104.



Clark A.E. Job Satisfaction and Gender: Why Are Women So Happy at Work? // Labour Economics. 1997. Vol. 4. P. 341–372.



Levy-Garboua L., Montmarquette L.C. Reported Job-satisfaction: What Does It Mean? // Cahier de Recherche 1, Univ. of Paris, 1997.



Sousa-Poza A., Sousa-Poza A.A. Taking Another Look at the Gender/Job Satisfaction Paradox // Kyklos. 2000. Vol. 53. P. 135–152.



Maddala G.S. Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983.



Mundlak Y. On the Pooling of Time Series and Cross Section Data // Econometrica. 1978. Vol. 46. P. 69–85.



Dunn L.F. Category Versus Continuous survey Responses in Economic Modelling: Monte Carlo and Empirical Evidence // Review of Economics and Statistics. 1993. Vol. 75. P. 188–193.



Das M., van Soest A. A Panel Data Model for Subjective Information on Household Income Growth // Tilburg Univ., Department of Econometrics and CentER, 1996.



Das M., van Soest A. A Panel Data Model for Subjective Information on Household Income Growth // Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 1999. Vol. 40. P. 409–426.



World Database of Happiness, directed by Ruut Veenhoven, Rotterdam: Erasmus University. URL: http://www.eur.nl/fsw/research/happiness/.



Bradlow E.T., Zaslavsky A.M. A Hierarchical Latent Variable Model for Ordinal Data from a Customer Satisfaction Survey with ‘No Answer’ Responses // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1999. Vol. 94. P. 43–52.



Terza J.V. Estimating Linear Models with Ordinal Qualitative Regressors // Journal of Econometrics. 1987. Vol. 34. P. 275–291.



Terza J.V. Ordinal Probit: a Generalization // Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 1985. Vol. 14. P. 1–11.



Ravallion M., Lokshin M. Identifying Welfare Effects from Subjective Questions // Economica. 2001. Vol. 68. P. 335–357.



Ravallion M., Lokshin M. Self-rated Economic Welfare in Russia // European Economic Review. 2002. Vol. 46. P. 1453–1473.



Jevons W.S. The Theory of Political Economy. London, New York: Macmillan, 1871.



Brickman P., Campbell D.T. Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society // Adaptation-level Theory: a Symposium / Ed. M.H. Apley. New York: Academic Press, 1971.



Hayashi F. Econometrics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000.



Hunt J. Determinants of Non-employment and Unemployment Durations in East Germany // NBER Working Paper Series. 1999. No. 7128.



Landua D. An Attempt to Classify Satisfaction Changes: Methodological and Content Aspects of a Longitudinal Problem // Social Indicators Research. 1992. Vol. 26. P. 221–241.



Wagner G.G., Burkhauser R.V., Behringer F. The English Language Public Use File of the German Socio-Economic Panel // Journal of Human Resources. 1993. Vol. 28. P. 429–433.
Раздел
ПЕРЕВОДЫ